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Below is a concise overview of how anabolic–androgenic steroids (commonly referred to as "steroids") work in the body, focusing on their pharmacological mechanisms rather than dosage or usage instructions.
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1. What Are Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids?
- Definition: Synthetic derivatives of testosterone that retain both androgenic (male‑characteristic) and anabolic (muscle‑building) properties.
- Common Examples: Testosterone enanthate, nandrolone decanoate, oxandrolone, stanozolol.
2. Primary Mechanisms of Action
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| 1. Cellular Entry | Steroids are lipophilic; they diffuse across cell membranes or bind to intracellular transport proteins (e.g., sex hormone‑binding globulin). |
| 2. Receptor Binding | Inside the cytoplasm, https://cchkuwait.com steroids bind to nuclear androgen receptors (AR) forming a ligand–receptor complex. |
| 3. Translocation & DNA Interaction | The complex dimerizes and translocates into the nucleus, where it binds to specific DNA sequences called androgen response elements (AREs). |
| 4. Gene Transcription Modulation | Binding recruits co‑activators or co‑repressors, altering transcription of target genes: up‑regulating proteins that promote muscle protein synthesis, satellite cell activation; down‑regulating proteolytic pathways. |
| 5. Protein Synthesis & Cellular Effects | Resulting mRNA translates into proteins that increase myofibrillar mass, glycogen storage, nitrogen retention—culminating in hypertrophy and improved performance. |
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4. How the Body Responds to the Steroid
4.1 Hormonal Feedback
- Suppression of HPG Axis: Exogenous testosterone provides negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle‑stimulating hormone (FSH).
- Reduced Endogenous Testosterone & LH: After stopping therapy, the axis may take weeks to months to recover, especially if a high dose or long duration was used.
- Increased Estrogen Levels: Conversion of testosterone → estradiol via aromatase leads to estrogenic side‑effects such as gynecomastia, water retention, and mood changes.
2. Hormonal Profile After Stopping Testosterone Therapy
The exact numbers depend on the dose taken, duration, age, baseline health, and body composition.
Below are typical ranges seen in healthy adult males who have ceased testosterone therapy for a few weeks to months:
| Parameter | Normal Range (adult male) | Typical value after stopping therapy (≈4–8 weeks post‑cessation) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Testosterone (TT) | 300–1000 ng/dL (10.4–34.7 nmol/L) | ~200–400 ng/dL (6.9–13.8 nmol/L) – often below normal due to suppression of the HPG axis |
| Free Testosterone (FT) | 2–15 pg/mL (0.07–0.5 nM) | ~1–3 pg/mL (0.03–0.09 nM) – lower than typical range |
| Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) | 30–100 nmol/L | Often elevated (~120–150 nmol/L) as the liver increases SHBG production in response to high testosterone exposure |
| Estradiol (E2) | <20 pg/mL (0.07 nM) | May rise modestly (~25–35 pg/mL) due to aromatization of excess testosterone |
These laboratory profiles reflect a body that has experienced sustained supra‑physiological androgen levels, prompting compensatory mechanisms in hormone synthesis, transport, and metabolism.
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4. Comparative Summary
| Parameter | Male (Average Age 40) | Female (Average Age 40) |
|---|---|---|
| Height | ~5'10" (178 cm) | ~5'5" (165 cm) |
| Weight | ~185 lb (84 kg) | ~135 lb (61 kg) |
| BMI | 25.1 | 23.6 |
| Biceps circumference | ~13 in (33 cm) | ~11 in (28 cm) |
| Upper arm volume (estimated) | ~7–8 L | ~5–6 L |
| Estimated upper arm muscle mass | ~4.5–5.0 kg | ~3.0–3.5 kg |
| Estimated total body muscle mass | 30–35 kg | 20–22 kg |
| Upper arm lean tissue (muscle + bone) | 6.5–7.0 L | 4.8–5.2 L |
| Fat mass in upper arms | 0.5–1.0 kg | 0.3–0.6 kg |
| Upper arm muscle density | ~1.60 g cm⁻³ (based on CT/MRI) | ~1.58 g cm⁻³ (based on DEXA/CT) |
| Bone mineral content in humerus | 5–7 % of upper‑arm mass | 4–6 % of upper‑arm mass |
Interpretation
- The male athlete has a substantially higher absolute muscle mass, bone density, and lean tissue volume. His overall body composition is leaner with lower relative fat content.
- The female recreational athlete shows less absolute muscle but still possesses a healthy level of lean tissue; her fat distribution remains within the normal athletic range for females.
